TL;DR
Ginkgo biloba is one of the most researched botanicals for circulation and cognition, and the evidence is mixed.
In people with cognitive impairment, meta analyses report modest benefits, mainly at 240 mg per day. In healthy adults, a meta analysis found no clear cognitive benefit, and a large trial did not show prevention of dementia.
Any effects are gradual and build over several weeks of daily use.
Ginkgo biloba is derived from one of the oldest tree species. Used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, it is now among the most studied plant extracts in cognitive and cardiovascular research.
Key mechanisms
Cerebral blood flow
Ginkgo is studied for its effects on microcirculation, which is thought to be its main route of action in the brain.
Antioxidant activity
The flavone glycosides in Ginkgo have antioxidant properties in laboratory research.
Platelet activating factor
Ginkgo's terpene lactones act on platelet activating factor, which is why it matters for people taking blood thinning medication.
What the clinical evidence shows
- Cognitive impairment and dementia: modest improvements in cognition and daily function in several meta analyses, with high variability between studies
- Healthy adults: a 2012 meta analysis found no significant effect on memory, attention or executive function
- Prevention: the GEM trial in over 3,000 older adults found that 240 mg per day did not reduce the risk of dementia
Dosage
| Parameter | Detail |
|---|---|
| Studied dose | 120 to 240 mg per day |
| Standardization | 24% flavone glycosides, 6% terpene lactones |
| Onset | Studies usually run 12 weeks or longer |
Individuals taking blood thinning medication should consult a healthcare professional before using Ginkgo biloba.
FAQ
What is Ginkgo biloba used for?
Ginkgo biloba is mainly studied for circulation and cognition. The clearest evidence is in people with cognitive impairment. In healthy adults the results are not consistent.
How long does Ginkgo take to work?
Clinical studies usually assess effects after 12 weeks or more of daily use.
Is Ginkgo biloba a stimulant?
No. Ginkgo biloba does not stimulate the nervous system like caffeine.
Bottom line
Ginkgo biloba is one of the most studied botanicals for circulation and cognition. The evidence is strongest in cognitive impairment and weaker in healthy adults, so it works best as one part of a broader formula and routine.
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